CAN/CSA-S501-14

1 Scope 1.1 Mitigation techniques and other actions This Standard covers the following mitigation techniques to maintain permafrost or remediate permafrost degradation around existing buildings or structures: a) site techniques that consist of i) shading; ii) drainage and grading; and iii) ground cover and snow management; b) foundation techniques that consist of i) ventilation; ii) insulation; iii) mechanized refrigeration; iv) thermosyphons; and v) foundation replacement; The Standard also covers site abandonment or structure demolition in response to permafrost degradation. 1.2 Applicable foundation types This Standard covers the following foundation types typically constructed in permafrost terrain: a) shallow foundations: i) footings supported at the ground surface, with a ventilated air space under the building or structure; ii) buried footings, with a ventilated air space under the building or structure; and iii) slab-on-grade with no air space under the building or structure. b) deep foundations: i) adfreeze piles, with a ventilated air space under the building or structure; or ii) rock socket or end-bearing piles, which may or may not have a ventilated air space under the building or structure. Note: Further information on these foundation types is presented in Annex A. 1.3 Application This Standard is intended to be used by the following: a) the owners and operators of buildings or structures that can be affected by the degradation of permafrost; b) the owners and operators of other community infrastructure (e.g., drainage systems) for which the maintenance of permafrost or remediation of permafrost degradation is important; c) building contractors who implement engineering-based interventions; d) design professionals and reviewers (consulting engineers, architects, and territorial or regional technical services staff) who design, assess and approve, and oversee the implementation of engineering-based interventions; e) educators, for the purposes of knowledge transfer; and f) regulators, such as building inspectors. 1.4 Terminology In this Standard, “shall” is used to express a requirement, i.e., a provision that the user is obliged to satisfy in order to comply with the standard; “should” is used to express a recommendation or that which is advised but not required; and “may” is used to express an option or that which is permissible within the limits of the standard. Notes accompanying clauses do not include requirements or alternative requirements; the purpose of a note accompanying a clause is to separate from the text explanatory or informative material. Notes to tables and figures are considered part of the table or figure and may be written as requirements. Annexes are designated normative (mandatory) or informative (non-mandatory) to define their application.